Marum crater (lava lake)

Hiking across the ash plain...
Marum crater complex	Marum crater complex	Benbow crater

layered volcanic deposits	Benbow crater across the plain	layered deposits with Jani for scale
Benbow crater	relatively recent lava flow (1988 flow on map above?)	relatively recent lava flow (1988 flow on map above?)
	eroded lava tube	overlapping and reworked volcanic deposits
Marum crater complex looming above the plain	layered deposits	dramatic erosion too
...and up to Marum crater...
Marum crater looming in the background	fascinating variety of erosional patterns	looking back towards the rim of the caldera
Smaug would love it here :)	outer wall of the crater complex	colorful volcanic materials
vog from nearby crater (Niri Mbwelesu Taten?)	We were glad to have brought gas masks
up the rim of Marum crater	view out towards the coast	view to the southern rim of the caldera

At the rim of Marum...
looking across the crater (note the pole to hold on to at the edge)	readying equipment (two camps of yellow tents in the distance)
very interesting history in the wall of the crater	very interesting history in the wall of the crater	anchor for ropes for safety near the edge
looking back, with Niri Mbwelesu in the background	layering in crater wall	layering in crater wall
Ralph flying a kite over the crater	kite's-eye view
the Brazlians setting up camp on the rim	helicopter bringing supplies to another camp on the rim
back to our original vantage point	Bob Howell's IR imaging experiment	setting up equipment
Ralph at the rim	Marum lava lake, about 400 m down	Marum lava lake
Marum lava lake	Marum as seen by Ralph's near-IR camera	Marum lava lake as seen by Ralph's near-IR camera
Movie of the lava lake :)
Movie of Marum lava lake :)		another kite attempt -- volcanoes are not conducive to kite flying :(

The hike back down...
caldera rim with the island of Lopevi in the background	the ash plain
the ash plain	Ralph amid the eroded volcanic deposits	differential erosion
another view of the caldera rim and Lopevi		eroded pahoehoe
layered deposits	reworked material interleaved with an aa flow	across the ash plain to the caldera rim
Nighttime views...
Benbow (left) & Marum (right)	Benbow	Benbow(left) & Marum (right), with part of the Big Dipper at center between the clouds
Ralph and the volcanoes	Southern Cross